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Means by which a person dies by suicide

For information on methods of suicide intervention, see Suicide prevention.

A suicide method is any means by which a person chooses to end their life. Suicide attempts practise not always consequence in death, and a nonfatal suicide attempt can leave the person with serious physical injuries, long-term wellness problems, and brain harm.[1]

Worldwide, 3 suicide methods predominate with the blueprint varying in different countries. These are hanging, poisoning past pesticides, and firearms.[two] Other common suicide methods include jumping from a great acme, drug overdoses, and drowning.[3] [4]

Suicides are frequently impulse decisions that may be preventable by removing the means.[5] Making common suicide methods less accessible leads to an overall reduction in the number of suicides.[half-dozen] [seven] Some means to do this include restricting access to pesticides, firearms, and known-used drugs. Other of import measures are the introduction of policies that address the misuse of alcohol and the treatment of mental disorders.[8] Gun-command measures in a number of countries have seen a reduction in suicides and other gun-related deaths.[nine]

Purpose of report

The report of suicide methods aims to identify those ordinarily used, and the groups at chance of suicide; making methods less accessible may be useful in suicide prevention.[6] [5] [10] Limiting the availability of means such as pesticides and firearms is recommended by a World Wellness Study on suicide and its prevention. The early on identification of mental disorders and substance abuse disorders, follow-upwards care for those who have attempted suicide, and responsible reporting by the media are all seen to be central in reducing the number of deaths by suicide.[11] National suicide prevention strategies are also advocated using a comprehensive and coordinated response to suicide prevention. This needs to include the registration and monitoring of suicides and attempted suicide, breaking figures down by historic period, sex, and method.[11]

Such information allows public wellness resources to focus on the problems that are relevant in a particular identify, or for a given population or subpopulation.[12] For instance, if firearms are used in a significant number of suicides in one place, so public health policies in that location could focus on gun safety, such as keeping guns locked away, and the primal inaccessible to at-risk family members. If young people are plant to be at increased risk of suicide past overdosing on particular medications, then an alternative class of medication may be prescribed instead, a safe program and monitoring of medication tin can be put in identify, and parents tin can be educated about how to prevent the hoarding of medication for a future suicide attempt.[10]

Media reporting

Media reporting of the methods used in suicides is "strongly discouraged" by the World Health Organization, government health agencies, universities, and the Associated Printing amidst others.[13] Detailed descriptions of suicides or the personal characteristics of the person who died contribute to copycat suicides (suicide contagion).[fourteen] [15] Dramatic or inappropriate descriptions of private suicides by mass media has been linked specifically to copycat suicides amid teenagers.[15] Writing for the New Yorker near glory suicides, Andrew Solomon wrote that "Yous who are reading this are at statistically increased risk of suicide right now."[16] In i study, changes in how news outlets reported suicide reduced suicides by a particular method.[15]

Media reporting guidelines also apply to "online content including citizen-generated media coverage". The Recommendations for Reporting on Suicide, created by journalists, suicide prevention groups, and internet prophylactic non-turn a profit organizations, encourage linking to resources such equally a list of suicide crunch lines and data about risk factors for suicide, and reporting on suicide equally a multi-faceted, treatable health upshot.[17]

Method restriction

Method brake, too called lethal means reduction, is an effective way to reduce the number of suicide deaths in the short and medium term.[18] Method restriction is considered a best practice supported by "compelling" evidence.[fifteen] Some of these deportment, such as installing barriers on bridges and reducing the toxicity in gas, require activity by governments, industries, or public utilities. At the individual level, method restriction can exist as uncomplicated as asking a trusted friend or family member to shop firearms until the crunch has passed.[nineteen] [20] Choosing not to restrict access to suicide methods is considered unethical.[15]

Method restriction is effective and prevents suicides.[15] It has the largest consequence on overall suicide rates when the method being restricted is common and no straight substitution is available. [xv] If the method existence restricted is uncommon, or if a substitute is readily available, so it may be effective in individual cases but not produce a big-scale reduction in the number of deaths in a state.[15]

Method substitution is the process of choosing a dissimilar suicide method when the kickoff-choice method is inaccessible.[5] In many cases, when the offset-choice method is restricted, the person does not try to detect a substitute.[xv] Method substitution has been measured over the course of decades, so when a common method is restricted (for example, past making domestic gas less toxic), overall suicide rates may be suppressed for many years.[5] [15] If the first-choice suicide method is inaccessible, a method exchange may be made which may exist less lethal, disposed to result in fewer fatal suicide attempts.[five]

In an case of the curb cut effect, changes unrelated to suicide have also functioned as suicide method restrictions.[15] Examples of this include changes to align train doors with platforms, switching from coal gas to natural gas in homes, and gun control laws, all of which have reduced suicides despite being intended for a different purpose.[15]

Listing

Suffocation

Suffocation, every bit a classification of suicide method, includes strangulation and hanging.[21] [22]

Suicide by suffocation involves restricting breathing or the amount of oxygen taken in, causing asphyxia and eventually hypoxia. This may involve the use of a plastic suicide bag.[23] It is not possible to die simply by holding the breath, since a reflex causes the respiratory muscles to contract, forcing an in-jiff, and the re-establishment of a normal breathing rhythm.[24] Therefore, inhaling an inert gas such as helium, nitrogen, and argon, or a toxic gas such as carbon monoxide, is used to bring about unconsciousness.[25] [26] As of 2010[update], organizations supporting a right to die used death past helium inhalation more oft than drug overdoses, largely owing to its reliability.[27]

Suicide by strangulation is self-strangulation that may involve the partial suspension of the trunk rather than the full suspension used in hanging. Cocky-strangulation involves tightening a ligature around the cervix. This compresses the carotid arteries, preventing the supply of oxygen to the brain, resulting in unconsciousness and death.

Hanging

Hanging is a common method of suicide.[22] [21] Hanging involves the use of a ligature such equally a rope or string attached to an anchor point with the other terminate used to form a noose placed around the neck. The cause of decease will either exist due to strangulation or a broken cervix. About half of attempted suicides by hanging effect in death.[iv] People who favor this method are usually unaware that it is oft a "slow, painful, and messy method that needed technical cognition".[28]

Hanging is the prevalent means of suicide in impoverished pre-industrial societies, and is more mutual in rural areas than in urban areas.[29] It is also a common ways of suicide in situations where other materials are non readily available, such every bit in prisons.

Hanging was the most common method in traditional Chinese civilisation,[30] equally it was believed that the rage involved in such a death permitted the person'southward spirit to haunt and torment survivors.[31] [32] In the Chinese culture, suicide past hanging was used as an deed of revenge by women[33] and of defiance past powerless officials, who used it as a "final, but unequivocal, way of standing still confronting and above oppressive government".[30] Chinese people would oftentimes approach the act ceremonially, including the use of proper attire.[30]

Poisoning

Suicide by poisoning, besides called self-poisoning, is commonly classed equally a drug overdose when drugs such as painkillers or recreational drugs are used. The use of pesticides to self-poison is the near common method used in some countries.[ii] Inhalation of poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide may also be a cause of death by suicide. Poisoning through the means of toxic plants is ordinarily tiresome and painful.[34] [ better source needed ] The mass suicide of members of a cult led past Jim Jones in 1978 resulted from poisoning ("Drinking the Kool-Aid").[35] [ better source needed ]

Pesticide

Share of suicide deaths from pesticide poisoning[36]

As of 2006[update], worldwide, around thirty% of suicides were from pesticide poisonings.[37] The use of this method varies markedly in different areas of the world, from 0.9% in Europe to about 50% in the Pacific region.[36] In the US, pesticide poisoning is used in about 12 suicides per year.[38] Poisoning by subcontract chemicals is very common among women in rural Mainland china, and is regarded as a major social problem in the country.[39]

Method restriction has been an effective mode to reduce suicide past poisoning in many countries. In Finland, limiting access to parathion in the 1960s resulted in a rapid decline in both poisoning-related suicides and total suicide deaths for several years, and a slower refuse in subsequent years.[forty] In Sri Lanka, both suicide by pesticide and full suicides declined after first toxicity class I and after class 2 endosulfan were banned.[41] Overall suicide deaths were cut by 70%, with 93,000 lives saved over 20 years every bit a issue of banning these pesticides.[2] In Korea, banning a single pesticide, paraquat, halved the number of suicides by pesticide poisoning[ii] and reduced the total number of suicides in that country.[40]

Drug overdose

A drug overdose involves taking a dose of a drug that exceeds safe levels. In the UK (England and Wales) until 2013, a drug overdose was the most mutual suicide method in females.[42] In 2019 in males the percentage is 16%. Self-poisoning accounts for the highest number of non-fatal suicide attempts. Overdose attempts using painkillers are amongst the well-nigh common, due to their easy availability over-the-counter.[43] Paracetamol is the well-nigh widely used analgesic worldwide and is usually used in overdose attempts.[44] Paracetamol poisoning is a common cause of acute liver failure.[45] [44] In the Usa nearly 60% of suicide attempts and 14% of suicide deaths involve drug overdoses.[iv] The hazard of decease in suicide attempts involving overdose is about 2%.[4] [ verification needed ]

A drug overdose is often the outset-pick method of members of right-to-dice organizations. A poll among members of Exit International suggested that 89% would prefer to accept a pill, rather than use a plastic exit handbag, a carbon monoxide generator, or tiresome euthanasia.[46] [47]

Carbon monoxide

A item type of poisoning involves the inhalation of high levels of carbon monoxide (CO). Death usually occurs through hypoxia. Carbon monoxide is used considering information technology is hands available. A nonfatal attempt can consequence in memory loss and other symptoms.[48] [ self-published source? ] [49]

Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas, so its presence cannot be detected past sight or smell. It acts by bounden preferentially to the hemoglobin in the bloodstream, displacing oxygen molecules and progressively deoxygenating the blood, eventually resulting in the failure of cellular respiration and death. Carbon monoxide is extremely dangerous to bystanders and people who may discover the body, so "Right to Dice" advocates like Philip Nitschke recommend against information technology.[fifty] [ self-published source? ]

Before air quality regulations and catalytic converters, suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning was often achieved by running a car's engine in an enclosed space such as a garage, or by redirecting a running car's exhaust back inside the cabin with a hose. Motor machine exhaust may have contained up to 25% carbon monoxide. Catalytic converters found on all modern automobiles eliminate over 99% of carbon monoxide produced.[51] Equally a further complexity, the amount of unburned gasoline in emissions tin make exhaust unbearable to exhale well earlier a person loses consciousness.

Charcoal-burning suicide induces death from carbon monoxide poisoning. Originally used in Hong Kong, it spread to Nihon,[52] where modest charcoal-burning heaters (hibachi) or stoves (shichirin) accept been used in a sealed room. By 2001, this method accounted for 25% of deaths from suicide in Japan.[53] Information technology has get the 2d most common suicide method in Hong Kong and is a growing tendency in other countries.[52] Nonfatal attempts can upshot in astringent brain damage due to cognitive anoxia.

Other toxins

Detergent-related suicide involves mixing household chemicals to produce poisonous gases.[54] [ better source needed ] At the cease of the 19th century in Britain, there were more suicides from carbolic acid (a disinfectant) than from any other poison since there was no restriction on its sale. Braxton Hicks and other coroners called for its auction to be prohibited in 1893.[55] [56]

The suicide rates by domestic gas fell from 1960 to 1980, as changes were fabricated to the formula to go far less lethal.[5] [57]

Shooting

Comparison of gun-related suicide rates to not-gun-related suicide rates in loftier-income OECD countries, 2010, countries in graph ordered past total suicides. The US was the only OECD country in which gun suicide rates exceeded non-gun suicide rates.[58]

Suicide rate by firearm[59]

In the U.s. suicide by firearm is the most lethal method of suicide resulting in ninety% of suicide fatalities,[4] and is thus the leading cause of death by suicide as of 2017.[60] Worldwide, firearm prevalence in suicides varies widely, depending on the credence and availability of firearms in a culture. The utilize of firearms in suicides ranges from less than 10% in Australia[61] to 50.5% in the U.Southward., where it is the most common method of suicide.[62]

Mostly, the bullet volition be aimed at indicate-blank range. Surviving a self-inflicted gunshot may event in severe chronic pain as well as reduced cognitive abilities and motor role, subdural hematoma, foreign bodies in the head, pneumocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid leaks. For temporal bone directed bullets, temporal lobe abscess, meningitis, aphasia, hemianopsia, and hemiplegia are common late intracranial complications. As many equally 50% of people who survive gunshot wounds directed at the temporal os suffer facial nervus impairment, usually due to a severed nervus.[63]

Gun control

Reducing access to guns at a population level decreases the take a chance of suicide by firearms.[64] [65] [66]

Fewer people die from suicide overall in places with stricter laws regulating the utilise, purchase, and trading of firearms.[67] [68] Suicide risk goes up when firearms are more available.[69] [seventy] [71]

Gun control is a primary method of reducing suicide past people who live in a abode with guns. Prevention measures include elementary actions such equally locking all firearms in a gun condom or installing gun locks.[twenty] Some stores that sell guns provide temporary storage as a service; in other cases, a trusted friend or family member volition offer to store the guns until the crisis has passed.[nineteen] [xx] When a person is going through a crisis, cerise flag laws in some places allow family unit members to petition the courts to take firearms temporarily removed and stored elsewhere.

More than firearms are involved in suicide than are involved in homicides in the U.s.. A 1999 study of California and gun bloodshed found that a person is more than likely to die past suicide if they have purchased a firearm, with a measurable increment of suicide by firearm beginning at most a calendar week afterward the purchase and continuing for six years or more.[72]

The Usa has both the highest number of suicides and firearms in circulation in a adult land, and when gun buying rises then besides does suicide involving the use of a firearm.[73] [74] A 2004 written report by the National University of Sciences found an association between estimated household firearm buying and gun suicide rates,[75] [76] though a written report by two Harvard researchers did not discover a statistically significant association between household firearms and gun suicide rates,[77] except in the suicides of children aged 5–14.[77] Another study found that gun prevalence rates were positively associated with suicide rates among people aged xv to 24, and 65 to 84, but not among those aged 25 to 64.[78] Case-control studies conducted in the U.s. take consistently shown an association between guns in the home and increased suicide risk,[79] peculiarly for loaded guns in the dwelling house.[80] Numerous ecological and time series studies have likewise shown a positive association betwixt gun buying rates and suicide rates.[81] [82] [83] This clan tends to just exist for firearm-related and overall suicides, not for not-firearm suicides.[82] [84] [85] [86] A 2013 review found that studies consistently found a relationship between gun ownership and gun-related suicides, with few exceptions.[87] A 2016 study constitute a positive association between gun ownership and both gun-related and overall suicides amid men, but non among women; gun buying was merely strongly associated with gun-related suicides among women.[88] During the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a potent upward trend in adolescent suicides with a gun,[89] too equally a sharp overall increase in suicides among those age 75 and over.[xc] A 2014 systematic review and meta-assay found that access to firearms was associated with a higher gamble of suicide.[91]

A 2006 report found an accelerated decline in firearm-related suicides in Commonwealth of australia after the introduction of nationwide gun control. The same report found no evidence of substitution to other methods.[92] Multiple studies in Canada found that gun suicides declined after gun control, but methods like hanging rose leading to no alter in the overall rates.[93] [94] [95] Similarly, a study conducted in New Zealand found that gun suicides declined later on more than legislation, but overall suicide rates did non change.[96] A example-control study in New Zealand found that household gun buying was associated with gun suicides, but not overall suicide.[97] The authors attributed this finding to the highly stringent firearm storage laws and very depression prevalence of handgun ownership in New Zealand. A Canadian study found that gun ownership by province was non correlated to provincial overall suicide rates.[98] A 2020 report besides constitute no significant correlations between provincial firearm ownership and overall provincial suicide rates.[99]

Jumping

Jumping from a dangerous location, such equally from a high window, balcony, or roof, or from a cliff, dam, or bridge, is an oftentimes used suicide method in some countries. Many countries take noted suicide bridges such as the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge (China) and the Golden Gate Span (Usa). Other well known suicide sites for jumping from include the Eiffel Tower (France), Beachy Head (Britain)[100] and Niagara Falls (Canada).[101] Nonfatal attempts in these situations can have severe consequences including paralysis, organ damage, and broken bones.[102]

In the United States, jumping is among the least common methods of suicide (less than 2% of all reported suicides in 2005).[103] In a 75-yr flow to 2012, in that location were around 1,400 suicides at the Golden Gate Span. In New Zealand, secure fencing at the Grafton Bridge substantially reduced the rate of suicides.[104]

Jumping is the most common method of suicide in Hong Kong, accounting for 52.1% of all reported suicide cases in 2006 and like rates for the years before that.[3] The Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of the University of Hong Kong believes that it may be due to the abundance of easily attainable high-ascent buildings in Hong Kong.[105]

Cut and stabbing

"Hesitation wounds" redirects hither. For for the 2010s punk band, see Hesitation Wounds.

Self-inflicting a wound with a precipitous instrument as a suicide method is usually to the wrists but can also exist to the throat (or belly in harakiri). The wounding of the wrists is a relatively common method of attempting suicide, and the set availability of knives is a noted factor.[106] A fatal self-inflicted wound to the wrist is termed a deep wrist injury, and is often preceded by several tentative surface-breaking attempts known as hesitation wounds, indicating indecision or a self-harm tactic.[107] For every suicide past wrist cutting, at that place are many more than nonfatal attempts, so that the number of actual deaths using this method is very low.[108]

Wounds from suicide attempts involve the non-ascendant hand, with damage often done to the median nerve, ulnar nerve, radial avenue, palmaris longus muscle, and flexor carpi radialis muscle.[109] [107] Such injuries tin severely bear upon the function of the manus, and the disability caused to deport out work or interests increases the risk of further attempts.[107]

Drowning

Suicide by drowning is the human action of deliberately submerging oneself in water or other liquid to prevent breathing. It accounts for less than ii% of all suicides in the Usa.[103] Of those who attempt suicide by drowning in the Us, about half die.[4]

Starvation and dehydration

A classification has been made of Voluntary Stopping Eating and Drinking (VSED) which is ofttimes resorted to in terminal illness.[110] [111] This includes fasting and dehydration, and has also been referred to as autoeuthanasia.[112]

Fasting to decease has been used by Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain ascetics and householders, as a ritual method of suicide known as Prayopavesa in Hinduism; Sokushinbutsu historically in Buddhism; and equally Sallekhana in Jainism.[113] [114] [115] Cathars also fasted to death after receiving the consolamentum sacrament, in social club to die while in a morally perfect state.[116] This method of expiry is also associated with the political protest of the hunger strike such as the 1981 Irish hunger strike in which ten prisoners died.

The explorer Thor Heyerdahl refused to eat or accept medication for the final month of his life, after he was diagnosed with cancer.[117]

Death from dehydration can take from several days to a few weeks. This means that dissimilar many other suicide methods, information technology cannot exist accomplished impulsively. Those who die by terminal dehydration typically lapse into unconsciousness before expiry, and may also feel delirium and deranged serum sodium.[118]

Terminal dehydration has been described equally having substantial advantages over doc-assisted suicide with respect to self-determination, access, professional integrity, and social implications. Specifically, a patient has a right to reject treatment and it would be a personal attack for someone to strength water on a patient, but such is not the case if a doctor merely refuses to provide lethal medication.[119] But it also has distinctive drawbacks as a humane means of voluntary decease.[120] One survey of hospice nurses found that nigh twice as many had cared for patients who chose voluntary refusal of food and fluids to hasten death every bit had cared for patients who chose physician-assisted suicide.[121] They as well rated fasting and dehydration as causing less suffering and pain and existence more than peaceful than doctor-assisted suicide.[122] [111] Other sources notation very painful side furnishings of dehydration, including seizures, skin cracking and bleeding, blindness, nausea, vomiting, cramping and astringent headaches.[123]

Transportation

Another suicide method is to lie down, or throw oneself, in the path of a fast-moving vehicle, either on the route or onto railway tracks. Sometimes a car may exist driven onto the railway tracks.[124] Nonfatal attempts may outcome in profound injuries, such as multiple bone fractures, amputations, concussion and severe mental and concrete handicapping.[125]

Road

Some people employ intentional car crashes equally a suicide method. This peculiarly applies to single-occupant, unmarried-vehicle wrecks,[126] although some suicidal people cause head-on collisions with heavier vehicles.[127] In i study, using a auto crash as a suicide method was four times more likely to impale other people than the average suicide method.[128] Even single-vehicle collisions may damage other road users; for example, a driver who brakes abruptly or swerves to avoid a suicidal person may collide with something else on the road, resulting in harm to the driver or others. Both the targeted driver and bystanders may be traumatized by the experience, even if everyone survives.

The real percentage of suicides amongst motor vehicle fatalities is not reliably known and probable varies by the ease of accessing a car and the ease of accessing other methods. One review article suggested that more than two% of crashes result from suicidal intent.[129] A study in Switzerland indicated that 1% of deaths by suicide involved a motor vehicle collision.[128] A big-calibration customs survey in Australia among suicidal people indicated that most 20% of men and 10% of women planning a suicide had considered an intentional vehicle wreck, and that a small number had previously attempted a motor vehicle collision.[130]

Rail

On railway tracks above ground, somebody may just prevarication downward or stand on the tracks, as the speed of an approaching railroad train prevents its easy stopping. This type of suicide may cause trauma for the train commuter.[104]

Jumping in front of an oncoming subway train has a 59% death rate, lower than the 90% expiry rate for rail-related suicides.[ commendation needed ] This is most likely because trains traveling on open up tracks travel relatively quickly, whereas trains arriving at a subway station are decelerating to cease and lath passengers.

Data gathered to 2014 showed that there were iii,000 suicides and 800 trespass-related injuries on the European railways each twelvemonth.[104] In holland, as many as ten% of all suicides are rail-related.[131] In Belgium where rail service is frequently interrupted due to a loftier level of suicide by rail, families are expected to cover the substantial toll of rails network standstill.[132]

A large number of suicides in Japan every year involve the railway arrangement. Suicide by train is seen as a social problem, particularly in the larger cities such as Tokyo or Nagoya, because it disrupts train schedules, damages equipment, harms the drivers,[104] and, if ane occurs during the morning rush-hour, causes numerous commuters to arrive belatedly for work. Suicide by train persists despite a mutual policy amidst life insurance companies to deny payment to the beneficiary in the issue of suicide by train (payment is unremarkably made in the upshot of most other forms of suicide). Suicides involving the high-speed bullet-train, or Shinkansen are extremely rare, every bit the tracks are unremarkably inaccessible to the public (i.e. elevated and/or protected by tall fences with spinous wire) and legislation mandates boosted fines against the family and next-of-kin of the person who died by suicide.[133] Every bit in Belgium, family members of the person who died past suicide may be expected to embrace the toll of rail disruption, which can be significantly extensive. Information technology has been argued this prevents possible suicide, every bit the person who is considering suicide would want to spare the family not only the trauma of a lost family fellow member but likewise beingness sued in court.[134]

The U.S. Federal Railroad Administration reports that there are 300 to 500 suicides by train each year.[135] The bureau besides reported that those suicides on railway rights-of-ways were by people who tended to live near railroad tracks, were less likely to take access to firearms, and were significantly compromised by both severe mental disorder and substance abuse.[136]

Reduction

A sign at a railroad crossing in the Netherlands promoting a suicide crisis line (113)

Railway-related suicides are rarely impulsive, and this view has led to research on behaviour analysis using CCTV at known hotspots.[137] Some behaviour patterns are implicated such as station-hopping, platform switching, standing abroad from others, letting a number of trains go by, and standing close to where trains enter. Surveillance cameras are viewable by railway staff.[137] Media reporting has been linked to increased rail suicide attempts.[137]

Public access to rail tracks may be restricted by the erection of fences. Fencing on both sides of the rails lines are carried out. Other preventive measures are landscaping to create tree and bush-league hedging as a natural fencing, and the installation of prohibitive signage. Fencing and landscaping accept shown pregnant reductions in suicide attempts, and signage a lesser reduction. Sometimes vegetation along the tracks tin obscure the view of the train commuter and the removal of this is also advocated.[104]

The installation of platform screen doors in many stations and countries has significantly decreased the numbers of suicides, notably in Hong Kong. In Nihon the use of calming blue lights on station platforms is estimated to have resulted in an 84 per cent reduction in suicide attempts.[104]

On the London Underground the presence of a platform drainage pit has been shown to halve the number of deaths from suicide attempts.[104]

Air

There have been suicide attacks by aircraft, including Japanese Kamikaze attacks in the Second Earth State of war, and the terrorist initiated September 11 attacks in 2001.

Toward the end of the 20th century, one or two pilots in the US died by suicide by aircraft each twelvemonth.[138] The pilot was usually flying lone at the fourth dimension, and was using alcohol or drugs virtually half the time.[138] [139] In the rare case of a pilot engaging in murder–suicide, the number of innocent people is sometimes very high. On 24 March 2015, a Germanwings co-pilot deliberately crashed Germanwings Flight 9525 into the French Alps to kill himself, killing 150 people with him.[140] [141] Suicide by pilot has also been proposed as a potential cause for the disappearance and post-obit devastation of Malaysian Airlines Flying 370 in 2014,[142] with supporting evidence being institute in a flight simulator application used by the flight'due south pilot.[143]

Affliction

In that location have been documented cases of gay men deliberately trying to contract a disease such equally HIV/AIDS as a means of suicide.[144] [145] [146]

Electrocution

Suicide past electrocution involves using a lethal electric daze, and is a rarely used method.[147] This causes arrhythmias of the heart, meaning that the middle does non contract in synchrony between the different chambers, essentially causing emptying of blood menstruum. Furthermore, depending on the electric current, burns may also occur. In his opinion outlawing the electric chair as a method of execution, Justice William Yard. Connolly of the Nebraska Supreme Court stated that "electrocution inflicts intense pain and agonizing suffering", calculation that it is "unnecessarily cruel in its purposeless infliction of physical violence and mutilation of the prisoner'southward torso."[148] Contact with 20 mA of current can effect in decease.[149]

Fire

Self-immolation is suicide usually past burn. This method of suicide is rare due to its existence long and painful. If the attempt is intervened, astringent burns and scar tissue volition prevail with subsequent emotional impact. Information technology has been used equally a protest tactic, by Thích Quảng Đức in 1963 to protest the South Vietnam's anti-Buddhist policies; by Malachi Ritscher in 2006 to protest the The states' involvement in the Republic of iraq State of war; by Mohamed Bouazizi in 2011 in Tunisia which gave rise to the Tunisian Revolution;[150] and historically equally a ritual known as sati where a Hindu widow would immolate herself in her husband's funeral pyre.[151]

Animal attacks

Some people have chosen to indirectly bring about their expiry by suicide by existence attacked by predatory animals. Multiple people have intentionally been killed and eaten by crocodiles.[152] [153]

Several creatures, such every bit spiders, snakes, and scorpions, produce venom that tin impale a person. Although information technology is uncommon, in that location have been several cases of suicide or attempted suicide past cobra seize with teeth.[154] [155] While Cleopatra's crusade of death is frequently contested, it is widely believed that she had an asp bite her when she heard of Marc Antony'due south death.[156]

Volcano jumping

Jumping into a volcanic crater is a rare method of suicide. Mount Mihara in Japan briefly became a notorious suicide site during the Great Depression following media reports of a suicide there. Copycat suicides in the ensuing years prompted the erection of a protective contend surrounding the crater.[157] [158] [159]

Skydiving

There accept been several documented cases of suicide past skydiving, by deliberately failing to open a parachute, or removing information technology during freefall.[160] [161]

Hypothermia

Hypothermia is a rare method of suicide. Equally of 2015, at that place take been only ix cases in the scientific literature.[162]

Indirect

Indirect suicide is the act of setting out on an obviously fatal class without directly carrying out the human action upon oneself. Indirect suicide is differentiated from legally defined suicide by the fact that the actor does not pull the figurative (or literal) trigger. Examples of indirect suicide include a soldier enlisting in the army with the intention and expectation of being killed in combat, or provoking an armed law enforcement officer into using lethal force against them. The latter is generally chosen "suicide past cop".

Bear witness exists for suicide by capital crime in colonial Australia. Convicts seeking to escape their cruel handling would murder some other individual. This was felt necessary due to a religious taboo against direct suicide. A person completing suicide was believed to be destined for hell, whereas a person committing murder could exist absolved of their sins earlier execution. In its most extreme grade, groups of prisoners on the extremely brutal penal colony of Norfolk Isle would form suicide lotteries. Prisoners would draw straws with one prisoner murdering another. The remaining participants would witness the crime, and would be sent abroad to Sydney, as capital trials could non exist held on Norfolk Island, thus earning a break from the Island. There is dubiety as to the extent of suicide lotteries. While surviving contemporary accounts claim that the practice was common, such claims are probably exaggerated.[163]

Rituals

Ritual suicide is performed in a prescribed manner, ordinarily involving fasting, and oft as office of a religious or cultural practise.

Seppuku, also known equally harakiri, is a historical Japanese ritual suicide method involving inflicting a astringent wound to the belly. For case, Yukio Mishima died past seppuku in 1970 afterwards a failed coup d'état intended to restore full power to the Japanese emperor.[164] The ritual was seen in the Japanese culture of the time as a means of saving face.

Run into also

  • Advocacy of suicide
  • List of suicides from antiquity to the present
  • List of suicides in the 21st century
  • Sarco device
  • Suicide legislation

References

  1. ^ "Preventing Suicide |Violence Prevention|Injury Center|CDC". www.cdc.gov. xi September 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d "Suicide: i person dies every 40 seconds". World Health Organisation. 9 September 2019.
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    • Horace, Odes, Book 1, Ode 37: … "And she [Cleopatra] dared to gaze at her fallen kingdom / with a calm face, and bear upon the poisonous asps / with courage, and then that she might drinkable downward / their dark venom, to the depths of her eye," … Available on-line at: Poetry in Translation
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Further reading

  • Humphry, Derek (1997). Last Get out: The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying. Dell. p. 240.
  • Nitschke, Philip (2007). The Peaceful Pill Handbook. U.s.: Exit International. p. 211. ISBN978-0-9788788-2-5.
  • Docker, C. (2015). V Last Acts - The Exit Path. Scotland: Createspace.
  • Stone, 1000. (2001). Suicide and Attempted Suicide: Methods and Consequences. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN978-0-7867-0940-three.

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